Tutorials
Follow one real Archos run from a research question to an exported Evidence Report: how it was framed, planned, gathered, checked and written.
The screens below are static mock-ups of the Archos interface, filled in with the figures from a single run: The Prosecution of William Chaloner, 1692–1700, drawn from the Royal Mint papers and presented at the Digital Humanities at Oxford Summer School in 2026. Nothing on this page is live; to use Archos itself, open the demo.
- Sections
- 5
- Subsections
- 27
- Primary sources
- 261
- Citations
- 1,688
- Words
- 85,789
- Total cost
- $12.70
Frame the question
The run began with a plain-language question about the prosecution of William Chaloner: how Newton and the Mint built the case against him, and what the depositions, petitions, letters and printed accounts reveal about how contested it was. The timeline shows what the Royal Mint papers hold, year by year; the shaded window sets this page’s evidence period, 1692 to 1700.
Generating a plan costs cents: two probe retrievals of 50 passages each and one planner call. For this run, planning took about a minute and the planner came to $0.06.
Plan a page
This is where an Evidence Report begins: frame a research question against the selected corpus, and the planner drafts an editable section structure. Nothing expensive happens here — planning costs cents, and the pipeline only runs when you press Run on the next step.
Frame your research question
Paste your research abstract, question, or proposal below — or drag and drop a text file. The system will generate a structured plan from your input.
Drag & drop a .txt or .md file, or click to browse
How did Newton and the Mint build and prosecute the case against William Chaloner for counterfeiting and high treason between 1697 and 1699, what evidential and procedural strategies did each side employ, and what do the surviving depositions, petitions, letters, and printed accounts reveal about the contested nature of the proceedings?
The report should treat the Chaloner prosecution as an adversarial legal process reconstructed from both sides — prosecution evidence (Newton's depositions, informant testimonies) and defence narrative (Chaloner's petitions, letters, parliamentary appeals) — not as a biography of Chaloner or a narrative of Newton's career at the Mint. The analytical interest is in how evidence was assembled, contested, and adjudicated.
Evidence period for this page
The page draws its evidence from this period. The planner defines sections within it; each section’s evidence sweep is limited to its own sub-range.
Review and edit the plan
The planner proposed five overlapping sections: Newton’s evidence-gathering campaign, the network of informants and witnesses, Chaloner’s own counter-strategy, the trial and execution, and the contradictions and limits of the surviving record. Each card holds a planned overview, a writing goal and a retrieval prompt, with its own time window. Every field is editable, and sections can be reordered, removed or added.
Nothing has been retrieved at scale yet, so this is the cheap moment to reshape the page. Pressing Run starts the pipeline.
The Prosecution of William Chaloner
Edit sections below, then click Run to start the pipeline.
EnglishThis page is organized around five overlapping topical lenses needed to reconstruct the Chaloner prosecution: Newton's investigative machinery, the witness network, Chaloner's own defensive political strategy, the formal trial and execution, and the contradictions within the surviving archive. The retrieval probes point to especially dense source clusters in Newton's memoranda and petition-answer papers from 1697-1698, witness depositions from late 1698, and printed trial material from 1699, while Chaloner's reform proposals from 1694-1695 provide an earlier strand of self-fashioning. The section windows therefore overlap substantially and extend back before the trial itself so that antecedents, failed lines of prosecution, and immediate aftermath can all be captured within distinct analytical frames.
1 Newton's evidence-gathering campaign1692–1699
Best results come from letting the model write and refine this — edit only if you know what you’re changing.
Subsections are generated automatically by the temporal sweep — they are not manually editable.
2 The informant and witness network1692–1699
Best results come from letting the model write and refine this — edit only if you know what you’re changing.
Subsections are generated automatically by the temporal sweep — they are not manually editable.
3 Chaloner's counter-strategy: petitions, proposals, and parliamentary appeal1694–1699
Best results come from letting the model write and refine this — edit only if you know what you’re changing.
Subsections are generated automatically by the temporal sweep — they are not manually editable.
4 The trial, verdict, and execution1698–1700
Best results come from letting the model write and refine this — edit only if you know what you’re changing.
Subsections are generated automatically by the temporal sweep — they are not manually editable.
5 The evidentiary record: contradictions and limits1692–1700
Best results come from letting the model write and refine this — edit only if you know what you’re changing.
Subsections are generated automatically by the temporal sweep — they are not manually editable.
Watch the sweep and the gate
Each section sweeps the corpus with a saturation-driven binary search over time windows: 723 searches across the five sections, all finished within two minutes. A relevance gate then reads every candidate passage and decides whether it bears on the section. The gate is the slow step. It runs as a batch job that can take many minutes, and the run card says so rather than looking stuck.
The sweep surfaced 5,051 candidate passages and the gate kept 1,092 of them. The 3,959 it dropped are not deleted: each is kept in an audit file with the gate’s reason.
Runs
Filter to mintThe Prosecution of William Chaloner
mint · 20260627_033917
API calls running
Newton's evidence-gathering campaign
gategate: classifying 1118 chunks — Batch API can take several minutes; the run is not stuck
The informant and witness network
gategate: classifying 894 chunks — Batch API can take several minutes; the run is not stuck
Chaloner's counter-strategy: petitions, proposals, and parliamentary appeal
gategate: classifying 1068 chunks — Batch API can take several minutes; the run is not stuck
The trial, verdict, and execution
gategate: classifying 658 chunks — Batch API can take several minutes; the run is not stuck
The evidentiary record: contradictions and limits
gategate: classifying 1313 chunks — Batch API can take several minutes; the run is not stuck
Approve synthesis at the checkpoint
A section parks after its gate because that is the first moment the cost of writing it is knowable: its evidence is fixed. Each card shows how many passages were kept, how they have been bundled by date into subsections, and an estimate of what writing them will cost. You release sections one at a time or all at once.
The estimate is an expectation, not a quote. Here Archos’s formula put writing all five sections at about $1.71; the cost audit later recorded $7.16 for synthesis, the largest line on the bill.
Runs
Filter to mintThe Prosecution of William Chaloner
mint · 20260627_033917
API calls running
5 sections awaiting synthesis approval — evidence is gated and counted; nothing spends until you approve. Est. all: $1.71.
Synthesise all readyNewton's evidence-gathering campaign
awaiting approvalsynthesis: awaiting your approval — 407 chunks ready in 10 subsections
Will be written as 10 subsections:
- 1. 16.02.1694 – 06.10.169641 chunks
- 2. 06.10.1696 – 21.01.169841 chunks
- 3. 24.01.1698 – 09.07.169841 chunks
- 4. 09.07.1698 – 22.08.169841 chunks
- 5. 22.08.1698 – 23.10.169841 chunks
- 6. 23.10.1698 – 13.12.169841 chunks
- 7. 01.01.1699 – 01.02.169941 chunks
- 8. 01.02.1699 – 21.02.169940 chunks
- 9. 21.02.1699 – 03.04.169940 chunks
- 10. 03.04.1699 – 30.06.169940 chunks
Gate complete — 407 chunks kept · est. $0.64
SynthesiseThe informant and witness network
awaiting approvalsynthesis: awaiting your approval — 106 chunks ready in 3 subsections
Will be written as 3 subsections:
- 1. 01.03.1696 – 17.05.169836 chunks
- 2. 18.05.1698 – 17.01.169935 chunks
- 3. 20.01.1699 – 03.04.169935 chunks
Gate complete — 106 chunks kept · est. $0.18
SynthesiseChaloner's counter-strategy: petitions, proposals, and parliamentary appeal
awaiting approvalsynthesis: awaiting your approval — 243 chunks ready in 6 subsections
Will be written as 6 subsections:
- 1. 11.02.1695 – 01.01.169641 chunks
- 2. 01.01.1696 – 20.08.169641 chunks
- 3. 20.08.1696 – 27.07.169741 chunks
- 4. 27.07.1697 – 10.10.169840 chunks
- 5. 10.10.1698 – 01.02.169940 chunks
- 6. 01.02.1699 – 17.06.169940 chunks
Gate complete — 243 chunks kept · est. $0.38
SynthesiseThe trial, verdict, and execution
awaiting approvalsynthesis: awaiting your approval — 125 chunks ready in 3 subsections
Will be written as 3 subsections:
- 1. 01.01.1698 – 01.01.169942 chunks
- 2. 01.01.1699 – 05.02.169942 chunks
- 3. 05.02.1699 – 01.01.170041 chunks
Gate complete — 125 chunks kept · est. $0.19
SynthesiseThe evidentiary record: contradictions and limits
awaiting approvalsynthesis: awaiting your approval — 211 chunks ready in 5 subsections
Will be written as 5 subsections:
- 1. 11.02.1695 – 09.02.169843 chunks
- 2. 09.02.1698 – 10.10.169842 chunks
- 3. 12.10.1698 – 20.01.169942 chunks
- 4. 20.01.1699 – 22.02.169942 chunks
- 5. 22.02.1699 – 23.01.170042 chunks
Gate complete — 211 chunks kept · est. $0.32
SynthesiseRead the Evidence Report
The finished Evidence Report is scholarly prose with sentence-level footnotes: 1,688 of them across 27 subsections, drawn from 261 distinct primary sources. Hover over or tap a footnote below to see the quotation it rests on and to highlight that passage in the source, here Chaloner’s printed proposals to Parliament of February 1695.
Switch to the Epistemic view to colour each sentence by its part in the argument: the point, the evidence, the explanation, and the link that carries it on. Where the record is thin, or two documents disagree, the report says so rather than resolving it quietly; one of the five sections is given over entirely to contradictions and copying problems in the surviving papers. By the time the report was compiled, the section titles had been rewritten to fit the evidence found.
The Prosecution of William Chaloner, 1692–1700
Generated: 2026-06-27 03:40 · Run: 20260627_033917
Statistics
| Sections | 5 |
|---|---|
| Subsections | 27 |
| Primary sources | 261 |
| Citations | 1,688 |
| Words | 85,789 |
Contents
- ▸1. Building Newton's Prosecutorial Dossier
- ▸2. Witness Networks, Workrooms, and Prison Reports
- ▸3. Chaloner's Reformer Persona and Its Contestation
- ▸4. Trial, Verdict, and Documentary Aftermath
- ▸5. Contradictions, Copies, and Evidentiary Limits
…
3. Chaloner's Reformer Persona and Its Contestation
3.1 Chaloner's Printed Reformer Claims · 11.02.1695 – 01.01.1696
This subsection begins with the earliest surviving strand of William Chaloner's self-presentation: a printed address to Parliament on coin reform, read alongside other 1695 reform schemes and early 1696 Mint papers. The paragraphs move from Chaloner's February 1695 proposals, to their technical and policing detail, to his claim of prior official notice, then to William Lowndes's and Thomas Neale's contemporaneous plans, and finally to the Mint's formal powers and privileges at the opening of 1696. Taken together, these documents show Chaloner presenting himself in print as a parliamentary proposer with technical knowledge of coinage and detection, while the surrounding papers place that claim within a wider reform discussion and an enforcement structure controlled by the Mint and Treasury.
■ context · ■ structure · ■ position
Epistemic view
Point — the interpretive claim · Evidence — source sentences, each footnoted · Explanation — what the sources show · Link — carries the argument on
Main: Evidence Output
The first issue is how Chaloner opened his case to Parliament. At the outset of the February 1695 pamphlet, he cast the coin problem as a national grievance and offered a kingdom-wide scheme of recall and recoining. On 11 February 1694/5, William Chaloner's printed address to Parliament called money the "Principal Supporter" of peace and war and said England had been "more grieved with Clip'd and Counterfeit Mony than any other Country" because of "the abuse of the Minters of our Mony".[1] The same paper stated that the old money in the kingdom was "now worth two thirds of the Intrinsick value".[2] Chaloner proposed that the old money should be "all called in, and Melted down, and new Coyn'd into Mill'd Mony," with each new piece "only two thirds of the Intrinsick worth".[3] He further proposed "a moveable Mint" to be placed "in the middle of a County" and then moved from county to county "until all the old Mony shall be Coyn'd into Mill'd Mony".[4] The printed scheme directed that the Mint should begin in "Cornwall, Devonshire, &c. or where the largest Mony is to be found".[5] It said that "the Poor and Rich may change their Mony with very little trouble or charge" and estimated that all the old money might be recoined in London for "10000l. Extraordinary Charge to the Mint".[6] Chaloner defended temporary coin below intrinsic value "only at present to stop the Currant of Clipping and false Coyning," which he said was practised at "500000l. per ann.".[7] He added that recoining to full intrinsic worth at once would expose the kingdom to the loss of "at least two Million of Mony," whereas his own plan "may be done in one Year".[8] Chaloner's first move was to speak in the register of national repair. He defines the monetary crisis, names defects in current coin, and offers Parliament a practical programme of recall, movement, and recoining. After that general diagnosis, the pamphlet turns to technical description and to Chaloner's own claims of competence in coin design.
…
Sources (81) · the 8 cited above
-
MINT01535assertion✔︎Mint record · William Chaloner · England · 1695-02-11
Mony is the Principal Supporter, both in times of Peace and War [...] England hath been more grieved with Clip'd and Counterfeit Mony than any other Country [...] by the abuse of the Minters of our Mony
↩ -
MINT01535assertion✔︎Mint record · William Chaloner · England · 1695-02-11
the old Mony in this Kingdom is now worth two thirds of the Intrinsick value
↩ -
MINT01535assertion✔︎Mint record · William Chaloner · England · 1695-02-11
it should be all called in, and Melted down, and new Coyn'd into Mill'd Mony [...] Every piece so to be new Coyn'd, to be only two thirds of the Intrinsick worth
↩ -
MINT01535assertion✔︎Mint record · William Chaloner · England · 1695-02-11
there shall be a moveable Mint that shall be placed in the middle of a County [...] and so through the Kingdom, until all the old Mony shall be Coyn'd into Mill'd Mony
↩ -
MINT01535assertion✔︎Mint record · William Chaloner · England · 1695-02-11
That the Mint shall first go into Cornwall, Devonshire, &c. or where the largest Mony is to be found
↩ -
MINT01535assertion✔︎Mint record · William Chaloner · England · 1695-02-11
the Poor and Rich may change their Mony with very little trouble or charge [...] all the old Mony may be thus Recoyned for 10000l. Extraordinary Charge to the Mint
↩ -
MINT01535assertion✔︎Mint record · William Chaloner · England · 1695-02-11
This Recoyning being done, only at present to stop the Currant of Clipping and false Coyning, which is now so much Practised, that it is probable they Clip and Coyn 500000l. per ann.
↩ -
MINT01535assertion✔︎Mint record · William Chaloner · England · 1695-02-11
the Kingdom would lose at least two Million of Mony [...] Whereas, what is here Proposed, may be done in one Year
↩
Export with footnotes intact
This Evidence Report cost $12.70 in total, and the cost audit itemises every stage: synthesis $7.16, the relevance gate $3.45, the temporal sweep $1.81 across 723 searches, and the planner $0.06. Every run compiles to HTML with footnote popovers, an A4 PDF in both the scholarly and the epistemic view, and a Word document with real Word footnotes.
Results
The Prosecution of William Chaloner, 1692–1700
1692–1700
The Prosecution of William Chaloner, 1692–1700
done2026-06-27 03:39 · $12.6972 · 7,913,470 tokens
Documents
Cost audit
| Stage | Model | Calls | Input | Output | Cached | Total | Cost |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subsection synthesis | gpt-5.4 | 27 | 1,521,502 | 783,348 | 550,400 | 2,304,850 | $7.1578 |
| Relevance gate | gpt-5.4-mini | 5 | 4,705,161 | 749,855 | 0 | 5,455,016 | $3.4516 |
| Temporal sweep | (retrieval) | 723 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | $1.8075 |
| Section overviews | gpt-5.4 | 5 | 122,779 | 7,775 | 0 | 130,554 | $0.2118 |
| Page planner | gpt-5.4 | 1 | 8,129 | 6,604 | 0 | 14,733 | $0.0597 |
| Subsection retrieval | (retrieval) | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | $0.0050 |
| Page overview | gpt-5.4-mini | 1 | 4,502 | 680 | 0 | 5,182 | $0.0032 |
| Query refinement | gpt-5.4-nano | 2 | 2,574 | 561 | 0 | 3,135 | $0.0006 |
| TOTAL | 766 | 6,364,647 | 1,548,823 | 550,400 | 7,913,470 | $12.6972 |
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